Capital Structure and Dividend Policy Theory Essay

Capital Structure and Dividend Policy Theory - Essay Example instance Sainsbury's being a retailer basically having a huge presence in the UK, has been described as one of the least leveraged firms with 1.6 billion in debt capital and 8.4 billion in equity. Its total capital value has been estimated at 10 billion (www.j-sainsbury.co.uk). The dividend payout for the financial year 2007/08 was 12.0p per share. Sainsbury's retails sales made profits of 543m on sales of 20.4 billion in 2009 (ending May). This shows an 11% rise over the previous year. Dividend cover is calculated by suing the formula (after tax profits/total dividend paid out). For example if a company made an after tax profit of 75 million and paid out 25 million in dividends in the same period, then (75 m/25 m) 3 is a better dividend cover. Any dividend cover less than 1.5 is considered to be a sign of future trouble for shareholders because there is more likely to be a cut in dividends. In fact Sainsbury's dividend cover for the three years - 2006, 2007 and 2008 - was 1.3, 1.5 a nd 1.63 respectively (Friedrich, 2007).This demonstrates that Sainsbury's is having a difficult time because of its lower leveraged position in the capital/financial markets. Though the company has been making efforts to keep the dividend cover between 1.5 and 1.75, right now its dividend cover is coming down due to the lower leverage. The company has been advised to increase its debt capital by borrowing in financial markets against debentures and bonds rather than issuing ordinary shares. This is where the agency problem plays a pivotal role. Theoretically agency problem arises when managers (agents) have more information about investment related outcomes as against shareholders or owners (principals). This principal agent problem is very strongly seen at Sainsbury's. 2.... The capital structure of the firm refers o the ratio of debt to equity and therefore it’s relevant to know how the dividend policy of the firm is influenced by the theoretical underpinnings of the firm’s capital structure determination process. For example, Sainsbury’s as the retailer in the UK has been seeking to raise more equity as against debt. Next, its inability to increase dividend cover in the recent years to match with its expectations between 1.50 to 1.75 shows that the company has depended on the less risky way of equity financing its capital rather than adopting the riskier way of debt financing. Thus the dividend policy at Sainsbury has run into difficulty. On the other hand, Easyjet has adopted a policy of non-payment of dividends to its ordinary shareholders since its launch in 1995. Just now under pressure from its principal shareholder, Stelios, the Board has agreed to pay dividends from next year. Currently, the company has a debt ratio of 53.72 % thus achieving a marginally higher debt financing ratio. However, its position is no better than that of Sainsbury though the company has made good profits.

Talent leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Talent leadership - Essay Example gh performance talent leadership is attained by using the critical roles in talent leadership aiming at success, and in this part experience matters a lot. Members are skilled with the following attributes; good relations with other team members, able to compel clear vision and goals well coordinated roles and relationship, with good accountability. The team tends to have a positive atmosphere, effective methods of communications, good in making the decision, and leaders participate fully. The graph below represents the leadership performance on the y-axis and the leadership potential on the x-axis. Combination of both axis helps in explaining the high performance in an organization when following the leadership talents to maintain his performance. High performance model in an organization is talent leadership. They are much effective where the members have a set goal and knowing their purpose. Leadership talents form the basis of the high performance in an organization or a business . On the other hand, experience contributes a lot in maintaining the performance. In this model, it is a proper to state that, the level of talent leadership in the organization is high, and skills to this are also highly considered since the organization need to prosper and maintain the highest performance from its competitors. In my model, there are more skilled executives from the lower grounds as compared to other models. For instance, a model may only consider Performance of talent leadership in high levels and put less regard on the lower part of it.

Gender Roles Influenced By Media And Society

Gender Roles Influenced By Media And Society One usually obtains their gender roles usually through social interactions rather than obtaining it genetically. When humans are born, one are endowed with a small concept of gender. Manners and proper behavior is mainly learned through the social interactions with others and also the relationships with one another. Our gender identity is build through the interactions or experience from our parents, media, people from school, work or at home and also society can influence our gender identity. Depending on how we are raised greatly affects on how one acts as they grow up. The media can influence every aspect of ones life, their lifestyle, fashion, physical appearance, and also behavior. Society has the power to change the behavior and peoples point of views way more than what genetics or biological can. The genetic make-up for all living beings mainly humans are usually born with might affect their physical abilities, but one usually learns how to act in specific ways by just watching the people around them. An example of this would be that when boys of a young age watches cartoons or anything that involves a male aspect, theses young boys are usually influenced by the characters or what they see on television. Usually these characters are portrayed to be in a violent and aggressive manner, which cause these children to act what they see. On the bright side mainly super heroes are the ones that influence young boys the most such as Superman, Spiderman, Iron or even Batman and they are usually portrayed to be a strong, very athletic and brave hero which can influence a boys every action. In cartoons like these there is also a downside to it to where boys are depicted to be destructive and usually aggressive as well to a point where it suggest that males should be very competitive to one another. Children at younger age are also more vulnerable to be influenced by television when compared to an adult due to the maturity level of one another. Not only just the boys also the older males are influenced by todays media, televisions, music and society. An example of this would be the music artist Eminem where he wants males to be very violent and rebel against homosexuality and also be dominant towards females. Usually the younger teens are influenced by this because of the lack of maturity to make their own choices or decisions and these young males are gullible to a point where they are influenced by what they see. There was a Columbine massacre or incident in 1999 that proved that the boys who killed all those innocent students derived all of their ideas from certain mo vies and television shows. This proves that teens at a very open age that can be easily manipulated by society to act in predictable or spontaneous ways. According to Diekman, author of Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. states that typical characteristics for women are piety, submissiveness, and domesticity, while authority, and social behavior, are traits commonly held by men. When girls are young, they are usually given a Barbie doll to play with and are expected to grow up as the ideal Barbie girl who is very beautiful looking and supposedly very feminine. Girls are usually less athletic when compared to boys due to their genetic make-up; they just tend to not be athletic. Due to this genetic unfairness between males and females, parents would not treat each gender the same way when it comes down to sports. The boys are usually taught to be very aggressive because they are more athletic and competitive than girls while on the other hand girls are encouraged to express or release their feelings and its ok for them to cry openly. Boys are never encouraged to cry or complain about anyth ing. They are taught to replace the feminine feelings of fear and sorrow and replace them with excitement or anger. Boys or males in particular use the phrase be a man referring to being tough or strong and one that never shows his emotions. Children can also be influenced by their peers to act in specific ways at a very young vulnerable age. One can be made fun of easily if they are usually doing things that dont suit their gender. An example would be if a young boy or any male would easily be made fun of if they like to play with dolls, like shopping or just play in the kitchen. The society and media shows what types of things that certain gender should usually be doing for each gender. On television, it would usually have specific types of clothes, toys, jobs, etc for each of the genders and what they think each gender should follow. Due to these social influences, males and females act the way one does because of how society taught one to grow up to be. As for careers men are the dominant one because of how they can handle tougher jobs than a woman. Women are depicted to be caring for others or cooperative with anything and also just less valued. Woman careers are preferred to usually be models, nurses or even housewives. According to InfoRefuge on an article about Gender Roles and the Media, it states that our society continues to respect and represent men more than women in every aspect of our daily lives. People were raised by the society to think what men and women are capable of. Due to these circumstances these are usually the reasons why men mainly get better jobs than women do and also have a better chance of getting jobs in the work force. Gender stereotypes are everywhere and still occur today. For example, it is not acceptable in this society for a female to coach a mens sports team at any type of level professional, college or either high school team male oriented teams. This is a huge deficit and disadvantage because of the fact that females too can be amazing coaches sometimes way more superior to most males and therefore the players would miss out the chance from learning and gain experience this coach. The female coaches also suffers from not gaining or they miss the opportunity to coa ch these male players and are often force to pass down their knowledge to just female players. Society is unfair to judge solely on ones capabilities on gender. Therefore theses better jobs that usually pay a lot, females are solely at a disadvantage of getting the job due to their gender which is unavoidable. Another influence that society has on one is when people begin to date. There are certain specific behaviors that are supposedly expected by each gender because of the social influence, custom and usage in society. Men are the ones that should be expected to pay for the date, drive and also ask the girl out and many more outdated manners that guys should usually do for a woman. Women on the other hand, also have a specific role in the dating game. When two people get married, society assumes specific roles according to their gender. Men are expected go to work to pay for the bills, put a roof over their heads and also put food on the table. According to an article on CliffNotes on gender stereotypes, it states that Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. This means usually women are the ones staying at home to take care of the children or plainly be a housewife. These stereotypical roles are starting to deteriorate because of the fact that its societ ys standards. Women are far more important that what society depicts, they also have the same capabilities as any other man or human being. They could also be working or doing the exact same thing as man could or even better. There are no biological or physical abilities that hold men and woman to these assumed roles in society. Humans are born knowing which gender they are, but one learns their gender identity through the interactions of what we grow up with and learn how society expects them to act. There is no possible way that one could learn what one believes in and behaviors through biological influences; society has a much stronger influence on the way people act solely based on gender. Everyone in this world is born with some kind of innate ability on how to act relative to gender, but the way on is raised, how one interact with others and also the influences that the media has is what influences ones gender identity.

The Effects Of The Wall Street Crash :: Free Essays

The effects of the Wall Street Crash were felt all around America as people starved, businesses became bankrupt and unemployment rose. This era was known as the Great Depression and would last for another ten to twenty years. In the short term, rich investors lost great deals of money. Whilst, poorer investors, who had borrowed ‘on the margin’, could not repay their loans and thus became bankrupt. After a while, these incidents began to affect the American public. Firstly, unemployment rose as industries sunk into decline. The 14 million unemployed was a stark contrast to the 1.5 million unemployed in the 1920’s. To make things worse, wages across the country began fall rapidly as people became more and more prepared to work for less. This led to many impoverished families being forced into homelessness, poverty and starvation. Every town had a so-called Hooverville, a shanty town of ramshackle huts where migrants lived, while they searched for work. In these Hoovervilles, conditions were unsanitary and disease spread easily. Many of these people lived on food provided by charities, but by 1932, the Red Cross, for example, could only give 75 cents a week to each family. A banking crisis then swept across America, as the confidence of the American public fell. In 1929, 659 banks failed due to unpaid loans. As a result people stopped trusting banks and withdrew their savings. This in turn led to more banks failing. People in agriculture were hardest hit by the Depression because the 1920’s had not been kind to them anyway. Many farmers had their land and homes repossessed, as they could not afford to pay back their mortgages and loans. Furthermore, since areas in the Southern States had been over cultivated, the land became less and less fertile and a Dust Bowl arose. Many of these ruined farmers travelled to California to find any labouring work.

An Analysis of Prue By Alice Munro Essay

â€Å"Prue† is the main character of the story and is described by the narrator as a woman who aims to become the real person that she wants to be despite all the situations that she is actually involved with at present. Her understanding of her role as a woman is shown through the different experiences that she had to deal with in her life. It starts with her being divorced from her first husband with whom she bore children to. Her children I the story are already grown an are self sufficient, making her appear as a woman who is trying to suffice her own needs through working as a dining room hostess in Britain and currently a Toronto clerk. She is a woman of good sense of humor who is able to handle life’s challenges in a much positive approach that makes her more extraordinary than other women of her age. Considering this particular fact, it is undeniable that she has carried on with her life issues with much positivism and strength in handling her dreams in balance with what she has at the moment. Her involvement with Gordon, a man with a wife of his own though, gave her a rather unstable status with regards her emotional standing and her relationship with the said man. Considerably, such issues have not been shown by the character of Prue as something that is directly affecting her and her growth as a woman. Instead of actually being deeply involved, she then takes several souvenirs that are neither expensive nor too much worthless from the man that she adores and kept them in a tobacco tin where she kept other mementos from her past experiences and other people she met with in her life. Theme Statement (a) Women are subjected to many challenges in life and as individuals; they have different approaches in facing such issues. For Prue, hiding her emotions was likely her process of facing life. Complexities of the Story Women are known for their capability of handling multiple tasks at the same time. Serving the people that they love and still being the person that they ought to be is one of the primary things that women are mostly concerned of. In the story of Prue though, the said characterization of women has been much focused on making a known identification of how women strive to become sufficient for themselves as they grow apart from their children to whom they owe responsibility. Understandably, such status in life makes the character of Prue rather shows a woman who is able to survive life through disregarding some of the basic things that she has to do like writing letters to her children so as to make a connection to them even though they have all grown and are already having a time of their own lives. The author, Alice Munro actually presented the story with some explanations regarding the characterization of Prue missing within the plot of the story. Likely, this complication is not at all accidental. The author primarily wants the readers to fill themselves in, into the shoes of Prue and thus be able to realize the kind of person that she is in their own way of understanding. It is through this that the author could actually involve the personality of the readers within the character portrayed by Prue within the story. Element identification The element of emotion has been casually omitted from the explanations of the different situations that Prue had to deal with as she trod the journey of her life. Munro has naturally made the story more complex in terms of explaining what is already obvious within the plot. Furthermore, Munro used the different elements of womanhood to actually show the different issues that are involved with women dealing with the real situations in life that they are faced with. Relationships and responsibilities actually shape the personality of women all around the world. The description of Prue’s character in the story cold actually be noted to have a direct effect on the manner by which Alice Munro herself wants to help the readers understand the characterization of women altogether. She then aims to let the readers know that women are individuals who are in need of their own identity that separates them from the others. Unlike an average woman of her own, it could also be noted that Prue’s character in the story point out an extraordinary individual who could use humor to cover up what she really feels about a certain situation that has been presented to her by life. Her involvement with Gordon has been treated by Prue as a worthwhile experience that has developed her growth and understanding of relationships. Although it has been so much complicated considering that Gordon has a wife and still undergoing divorce proceedings, she still managed to get the best out of such personal and intimate involvement with a man. Prue’s character insists in presenting a kind of woman who is able to handle the difficulties in life with so much optimism in mind. It is through this particular process that the woman trying to grow within Prue’s personality began to reveal as the story progresses towards the end. Understandably, such an issue is presented through the ways by which she uses humor to hide her emotions. It could be observed that through the establishment of the character of Prue in that particular state, she has become an epitome of a woman who tries to become the real person that she wants to be despite all the experiences that she has to face with in her life. The regularities of the different challenges that she meets with everyday, at work, with her relationship with her children, with her relationship with the man she adores, her character stands out to be someone who is able to control her emotions and still grow out of the fact that she feels pain inside her. She knows that all these events are a part of life that is supposed to make her grow towards the person that she aims to become. Considerably, Prue’s character is presented as a regular individual who have had chances of dealing with their mistakes and their limitations in life with the use of optimism and supposed wisdom in understanding life as it presents a lot of challenges along the way. Through this, Prue’s character mirrors the capability of humans to use humor and optimist to survive life’s issues as they come every now and then. Understandably, the different effects of relationships and emotional attachments as well as responsibilities upon the personal development of women could actually be understood through the narration of how Prue actually met with the different issues that she had to handle in her life as a woman, as a mother, as a worker and as a lover who wishes for nothing but the best for her and for those whom she loves.

Electronic Protected Health Information On The...

I. Purpose To establish guidelines to assess and analyze potential risks and vulnerabilities to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the electronic protected health information that Topaz Information Solutions, LLC (Topaz) creates, uses, processes and transmits. II. Scope and Limitations This policy applies to all Topaz workforce members. III. Related Policy Names and Numbers Privacy Policy (COM-001) Security Policy (COM-002) Disclosure Policy (COM-003) IV. Definitions Electronic Protected Health Information (e-PHI) – Any individually identifiable health information protected by HIPAA that is transmitted by or stored in electronic media Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) – Regulations protecting the privacy and security of certain health information †¢ HIPAA Privacy Rule: Establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically †¢ HIPAA Security Rule: Establishes national standards to protect individuals’ electronic personal health information that is created, received, used, or maintained by a covered entity. 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The main concern is that of maintaining data security and if current law establishesRead MoreInformation Security And Health Records1949 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Patient’s privacy and Information security has important role in Healthcare organizations. Health information is private and it should be protected by the Federal Law HIPAA. In recent years, Healthcare providers moving the patients’ health records on computers from paper. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) with patient’s information is considered as very sensitive in Healthcare organization. The sensitive information of patients in healthcare has to be managed such that it is safe and secure

Discrimination Against Islamic Women Essay - 1118 Words

What is sexism? Does sexism even exist? These questions are commonly asked by students and adults alike since this particular topic has seemingly eluded the awareness of most. Sexism is frequently the discrimination of women and/or favoritism of men. It is astonishingly prevalent and incredibly real in society. For instance, sexism in Arabic, Islamic countries, such as Afghanistan, is rampant and, unfortunately, not under control. Extremists believe sexism is merely a figment of the accuser’s imagination and the extremist’s view their treatment of woman as a necessity and something that must be adhered to. (Khaled Hosseini, 2007) Therefore, transmitting this obliviousness to the now ignorant citizens of the world. Regardless of†¦show more content†¦Mariam’s extremist husband, Rasheed, claims he has â€Å"customs that must be abided.† (Hosseini 70) However, by customs he actually means Mariam must wear a burqa, an Islamic dress which shows absolutely no skin and eyes, when in public. The poem â€Å"The Threshold of Silence† makes a similar point when it states, â€Å"We are covered from head to toe in suffocating garbs/ And we are invisible to the world.† (Neesha Stanza 7) The suffocating garbs alludes to the burqa women in Afghanistan are required to wear and because this attire allows a spectator to solely see cloth, not a person, Afghani women feel â€Å"invisible to the world† (Neesha Stanza 7) and are forced to seclusion. Further proof of sexism in Afghanistan is the fact that â€Å"women have no rights; girls are not allowed to have an education, [and] women cannot even work.† (Neesha Stanza 4 and 5) Domestic violence is also a sheer sign of discrimination against women. Rasheed in A Thousand Splendid Suns incessantly physically abuses his two wives, Mariam and Laila, for outlandish reasons such as not cooking rice thoroughly which resulted in forcing Mariam to chew pebbles, cracking her molars. (Hosseini 104) Rasheed also locked Laila and their infant daughter for four days without water and food, nearly killing the two of them, while Mariam was locked in a tool shed after being brutally beaten by his fists and belt. In â€Å"The Threshold of Silence,† domestic violenceShow MoreRelatedArticle And Write Down Reservation Of Afghanistan1641 Words   |  7 Pagestreaty? If yes, please give one example. You should name the treaty, explain the relevant article and write down reservation of Afghanistan. (3 points) †¢ Afghanistan has ratified international Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on 6 July 1983. This convention was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in resolution 2106 of 21 December 1965. 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This will continue throughout the future years until males learn to share. There is so much more work to be done, most women don’t have the privilege to do anything still. But all these struggles and suffering has led to the women who are in power today. Unlike the women in the Western countries, women in Sudan have a whole different issue andRead MoreExisting In Society Today Means To Be One Of The 7.5 Billion1715 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancements over the past decades legally, technologically and financially we have failed to advance in the most important aspect of existing and that is, of course, our humanity. We do not fear the new Apple product that comes out or a law that gives women equal rights to men. We do not fear cuisines from different cultures and places on Earth, in fact, we enjoy going downtown to little Italy, Chinatown or even little India on the weekends. Now how does the script change when it comes to actually learningRead MoreIslam And The Middle East1057 Words   |  5 PagesLavish meat dishes and Afghan bread was prepared (Raymond, C. 2003). Women Modesty: Muslims population is seen all over the world, in New Zealand, America, South America, Asia, Australia, Indonesia, etc.,. These women are connected and organized themselves in formal and informal groups practicing their Islamic culture. Women play a role transmitter in shaping family and community spaces when it comes to food or clothing choices. Women veiling is part of their faithful modesty, it is a meaning of their