Mystical experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mystical experience - Assignment Example Such experiences are always spiritual, though they may not be; they are not limited to priests or monks. However, all individual religious experiences are entrenched in mystical states of consciousness, yet all mystical experiences are partially religious. Although mystical experiences occur commonly, they happen unbidden to someone perhaps once or severally in a lifetime. Mystical experiences are for example, those of oneness with nature and the deeper self, the mystic is always a tragic form, torn by the tensions between the soul and the body, between the spiritual and physical. He is beleaguered by his bodily chains that limit him to this meager realism; he is drawn to the elusive, he longs for the inspiring, for the best. He desires to free himself, to rise further. The world surrounding him is a dark, awful place, his spirit sores and soars, attempting to flee its worldly prison. William James identified four Mystical characteristics; Ineffability, where mystical states are more similar to states of feeling than intelligence, slightly shaded with fine nuances that are hard to express in their import and splendor to another. As a result, much mystical writing is filled with symbolism and paradoxes1. Noetic quality experiences are conditions of insight, knowledge, revelation, awareness, and illumination beyond the grab of the intelligence. There is knowledge of unity with the totality, of immorality of the soul, of immense truths. Space and time are exceeded. Transiency, mystical experiences fleet in linear time, even though they tend to be eternal. It is rare to maintain a mystical state for long hours. For instance, Eastern adepts are capable of sustaining prolonged stages of Samadhi, a mystical condition of one-pointed meditation; and some allegedly are able to maintain the highest states of nirvana. Passivity, the personal feels held by a greater power and swept up. This can be accompanied by a feeling of division from bodily consciousness, trance, or ph enomena like automatists, healing powers, voices, and visions. Such examples are viewed in Eastern thought as conditions of pseudo-enlightenment. Religious mysticism makes schools and accumulates traditions, much less common than people think. For example, in Christianity, mysticism is usually self-indulgent and ascetic in nature; in the Vedanta institution it is monistic, in the Sankhya institution it is dualistic. Since mystical experiences vary to a large degree, the mystical feeling of union, emancipation, and enlargement has no specific rational content on its own. Therefore, the non-mystic is ever gratified to confer a greater authority to the experience or to the mystic. Mystical consciousness simplifies the way in which truth is procured more significantly. The truth or validity-revealing character of a mystical experience as with other knowledge does not depend on the validity of the integrated theories such as those determined by the culture within which the experience is felt. The validity of the integrated speculation is relative to the know-how led to them earlier and the experiences which are made possible by themselves. It must be likely for the experience smash through the theories inclusive of the incorporated theories and make people to remake them. More positively, mysticism might help to liberate traditions from most of its deforming influences. Part II. Question 6 The life and works of St. Theresa of Avila In mid-life, St. Teresa underwent a deep conversion experience,

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment At the outset, the objective of this experiment is to scrutinize the rate of reaction and the yield conversion. And the foremost principal that should be applied in order to determine both rate of reaction and yield conversion is material balance for batch reactions. As the experiment go on, students are supposed to perceive the factors catering the yield, rate of reaction and also the conversion. According to the hypothesis of the experiment, with the increment of ethyl acetate (reactant) from 0.1M to 0.2M the rate of reaction should gradually increase, leading to an augmentation of the rate of reaction as well as the conversion of sodium acetate from sodium hydroxide. Secondly, the theories that students must be acquainted with is, batch reaction, conversion, rate of reaction, conductivity yield and saponification. Saponification is an essential theory that drive the whole experiment, as it function by hydrolyzing an ester, forming a acidic salt and alcohol. With the absence of the pertinent knowledge of saponification, the experiment will not be successful. Thirdly, the modus operandi of the experiment, it comprises of 3 focal steps, preparation of reactant, experimental arrangement and procedure to be carried out during experiment. Students are to be particularly vigilant during the experiment, as reactant given, contain some perilous substances that are detrimental to human body. Subsequently, with the use of two different concentration of acetyl acetate during the experiment, the result and calculation of yield and rate of reaction could be analyzed. The result tabularize based on the two different concentration should show a vast divergence. The 0.2M of ethyl acetate should possess a higher yield and rate of reaction according to the hypothesis of the experiment. Before proceeding to the conclusion, students are supposed to go through some discussion on the experiment. The points to be discussed are namely preventative measure and the factors affecting the rate of reaction. As a final point, the conclusion, it concludes whether the hypothesis of the experiment corresponds with the actual experiment performed. Tentatively the conclusion should support the hypothesis of the experiment, which is, as the concentration of ethyl acetate increases, the rate of reaction and conversion also increases. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) Material balance with chemical reaction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Over the years, heaps of researches have been done to capitalize on the yield, conversion and increase the rate of reaction. These three factors are the point in which have close connection with the profit of the company. By increasing the yield it means more production generate with a standard amount of reactant used. As for rate of reaction, rationally, the faster the rate of reaction the greater the production rate within a certain period. During the experiment, batch process is employed as a medium for chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to take place. The reaction produces sodium acetate and ethanol every thirty minutes, recording was taken every one minutes to note down the conductivity values. The whole process of obtaining the product from sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate, consist of batch process, closed system, law of conversion and also saponification reaction. Batch process, is a process when a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the products withdrawn before the cycle repeat. A closed system is a system where no material crosses the system boundary. As for The Law of Conservation of Energy it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change its form. Lastly For unsteady state process, it means, not all of the conditions in the process remain constant with time or the flows in and out of the system can vary with time. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment on material balance with chemical reaction is to allow students to employ the principle of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reaction by determining the yield, conversion and reaction rate. The purpose is to allow students to understand the change of reaction, when the concentrated NaoH react with ethyl acetate in a reactor as time passes by. With the knowledge of it, we will then be able to understand the saponification reaction of NaoH with ethyl acetate solution. 1.3 Hypothesis The hypothesis of the experiment is that during the Saponification reaction between NaOH and Ethyl acetate solution in the reactor, the concentration of NaOH would decrease due to the number of NaOH molecules being used for the reaction to produce sodium acetate. Furthermore, by increasing the concentration of ethyl acetate, the rate of reaction will also be increased 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory The role of the theory below is to give a more detailed explanations on saponification, batch process, conversion, yield, rate of reaction and conductivity, so that is can allow students to have a better perception on the experiment. 2.2 Batch Process Batch process is a process in which a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the product is withdrawn before the cycle repeat. During the experiment, batch process is employed, as reactants are put in to the system for thirty minutes for reaction to take place. After which products are withdrawn and the apparatus used are sluice before another batch of reactant are introduced again. Owing to the change in concentration and production of new product, the reaction is categories under unsteady state. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.3 Saponification Saponification is defined as a process where ester is hydrolyzed, forming an acid salt and an alcohol. For this experiment, students are suppose to apply the knowledge they acquired on saponification and react ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide and to produce sodium acetate and ethanol as the product of the reaction. Sodium acetate is form due to the displacement reaction which occurred during the overall reaction. The hydrogen in ester is displaced by the sodium ion in the sodium hydroxide, thus forming an acid salt; sodium acetate. The reaction is irreversible, hence once the product is formed, it cannot be re reacted to form the initial state of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. However, reaction could be accelerated with the use of a strong acid (concentrated sulphuric acid) as the catalyst of the reaction. (Richard Hamner, Green Mountain Soap Company 2006) 2.4 Conversion Conversion is a technique, when a feed is converted to products. The term conversion can also be defined mathematically as percentage conversion. Percentage conversion is derived by dividing; moles of key reactant that react, with mole of feed introduced and multiply it with 100%. A 100% conversion is not likely to occur in the lab, this is due to the restrain of mechanism, which deprived the ideal conversion to transpire. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.5 Yield There are copious definitions for yield. The three generally prevalent definitions are yield based on feed, yield based on the reactant consumed and lastly yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant. These three definitions are usually employed by chemical engineering industrial to guesstimate the yield of the products. Yield based on feed are exemplify to be; amount of desired product obtained, divided by amount of key reactant (limiting reactant fed). As for yield based on the reactant consumed, it is depict as; amount of desired products obtained, divided by amount of the key reactant consumed. Lastly as for yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant; it is elucidate as; amount of product obtained, divided by the theoretical amount of products that would be obtained based on the limiting reactant if limiting reactant react completely. The usage of the formula varies from the given information. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.6 Rate of Reaction Rate of reaction is the speed of the overall reaction; it can be affected by temperature, conductivity, pressure, concentration surface area, and also catalyst. 2.6.1 Temperature Temperature will radically affect the rate of reaction. The collision of particles is determined by the energy a particle possessed. With a higher temperature, it will cater the particles to have a higher energy, hence increase the effectiveness of collision, and eventually resulting to a faster rate of reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.2 Pressure Pressure is defined as a condition of being compress. The increase of pressure will cater to a faster rate of reaction as the areas the particle have are smaller after compression. This therefore causes particle of be closely packet together which result to a higher frequency of collision between gaseous molecules. However, the increase of pressure is only applicable for gaseous molecules, as liquid and solid cannot be compressed (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.3 Concentration Increases of concentration mean that the presences of particles in a specific volume have increased. While the volume/ space remained constant, the quantity of the particles increases, these instigate the frequency of collision to be higher, and also enhancing in the effectiveness of collision. This effect on particles collision will encourage a faster rate of reaction during the reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.4 Surface Area to Volume Ratio The bigger the size of the particles, the smaller the surface area for collision of particles, whereas, when the particles sizes are reduced, the chances of particles colliding in to each other will be higher. This is due to the increases in surface area of particles with it size are being reduce. Rate of reaction will therefore increases as frequency of collision increased (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.5 Presence of Catalyst Catalyst is defined as a substance that is capable of reducing the activation energy of particles without itself taking part in the reaction. Therefore with the presence of a catalyst, particles will have a higher energy than the activation energy. These will lead to a higher frequency of collision and also the much more effective collision. Rate of reaction will gradually increases with more collision taking place (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.7 Conductivity The conductivity values of sodium hydroxide is tantamount to the conductivity values of the solution, as the conductivity values of other reactants such as ethyl acetate, sodium hydroxide and ethanol are inconsequential. With the conductivity values of the solution ascertained, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the reacting mixture can then be determined. The rate on how fast concentration of sodium hydroxide is depleting can that be easily achieved, by tabulating a graph (Copyright 2009 Russell Mainstream Supply Ltd) 3. Procedure 3.1 Preparation of Starting Reactant Before beginning with the experiment, students should go through and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. The understanding of the data sheet is imperative as, without apposite understanding on the chemical used, perilous hazard might occur. The procedure on handling and disposal of chemical must be habituated before the beginning of the experiment. Students are handling with highly acidic concentrated reactant, therefore, disposable glove and chemical goggles should be putted on at all time during the experiment. 500mL of 0.01M of sodium hydroxide solution and 500mL of 0.01M ethyl acetate was the concentration needed to be prepared for this experiment. 500mL of 0.01M sodium hydroxide are suppose to be prepared, to do so, measuring cylinder was used to measure the required volume of 0.01M NaOH and poured in to a 500mL volumetric flask. De ionized water is poured in to the 500mL mark on the volumetric flask for dilution purposes. To ensure a fine dilution, flask should be covered with stopper and shake to ensure solution properly mixed. Preparation of 500mL of ethyl acetate solution was done by pouring 250mL of de ionized water into a 500mL volumetric flask, followed by measuring the stock solution using a micropipettor and dispenses it to the 500mL volumetric flask. Top up solution up to 500mL mark, and cover it with a stopper and shake the solution to ensure solution is well mixed. Experimental Setup Conductivity meter 1-litre reaction beaker Magnetic stirring device Conductivity probe Reacting mixture Retort stand Procedure During Experiment As the preparation of the sodium hydroxide solution is completed, solution is poured in to the reactor with the reaction conditions adjusted to predetermined level. The reaction conditions are directly related to the overall reactions; hence the recording of the condition is essential. Examples of the condition are, temperature, stirring speed, concentration and volume of reactions. Before the stirring process inaugurate, ensure that the conductivity meter probe is positioned into the reacting mixture and a stopwatch is ready for timing purposes. Ethyl acetate is to be poured in to the reactor, and recording should start immediately. While the solution is being stirred in the reactors, conductivity values are recorded at a regular interval of one minute for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, reactor is stopped and a magnetic rod is used, to remove the magnetic stir bar in the reactor. The conductivity probe is then withdrawn and sluiced scrupulously with de ionized water. As for t he product, it is being disposed into a plastic waste container. The experiment is to be repeated based on the experimental methodology discussed with lecturer. However, to ensure consistency of the experiment, all glassware is to be rinsed. Once all the experiment is accomplished, all the equipments should be properly cleaned and chemical used are to be disposed in to the plastic waste container. Finally waste will be send to W314 for proper treatment before discarding and glassware used should be placed back to original location. Result and Calculation 4.2 Determination of the Yield of Sodium Acetate Determination of the yield of sodium acetate is associated with the concentration of sodium hydroxide. In tandem with the given information on the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the molar ratio employed can be dexterously deciphered. From here, calculation to verify the yield can be facilely obtained by using the mole, which is calculated using the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Finally, utilize the formula of yield calculation and the determination of the yield of sodium acetate can be anatomized. 4.3 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.01M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes. Concentration of sodium hydroxide at one minute interval NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.4 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.02M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes Figure 4.4.2. Graph showing concentration of sodium hydroxide against time (0.02M of ethyl acetate used) NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Set 2 Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 =0.085 4.5 Rate of Reaction of 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.5.1. Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.01M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 à · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) 4.6 Rate of Reaction of 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.6.1.Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.02M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 à · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 5. Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction As indicated above, there are numerous factors that are capable of affecting the rate of reaction however; the only applicable one is the differences in concentration as the rest (temperature and pressure) are kept constant. Based on the experiment did, as the volume and concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases, this is   by virtue of the presence of more particles in the solution, hence increasing the chances of particles colliding to each other, which eventually result in an increase in the rate of reaction. Below is a graph to further elaborate on the explanation on the difference in concentration. The judgment on the rate of reaction is based on the steepness of the graph. As shown, the black line which contains 0.02M of ethyl acetate has a slower rate of reaction as compared to the one in red which is 0.01M of ethyl acetate. This repudiated the hypothesis of this experiment. The dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The ideal rate of conversion and yield will never be actualize under school environment or even in industries. As, in school students are using eye sight as a gauge for the experiment which indubitably cause error due to parallax error, as for industries, despite being able to afford high cost machines and computer, the cunctation between human and machines will cause an slight differ on the rate of conversion and yield. 5.3 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values As mention on the theory section, the conductivity values of ethyl acetate are imperceptible; therefore the conductivity rate of sodium hydroxide is employed instead. During the experiment, 2 different concentration of ethyl acetate was used. The first set of experiment, we used a concentration of 0.01M. It produces a constant decreasing rate at every one minute interval. This shows that while the moles of sodium hydroxide are depleting, conductivity value to decreases too. As for the second set of experiment, the same things occurred but at a same rate as the first set of the experiment. This contravene the theory, as suppositionally, the increases in concentration to 0.02M will cause the moles of sodium hydroxide to deplete at a faster rate, which result to a faster decreasing rate for conductivity. Again, the dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.4 Precaution in Experiment As we all know, ethyl acetate are very volatile, it release harmful gas when it is expose to the environments. Therefore, adding of ethyl acetate into the volume metric flask must be carried out in the fume hood to prevent students from inhaling gases produced from ethyl acetate, which is harmful to human body. In addition, safety goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times during the experiment. This help to prevent students from having direct contact with the acid which might cause skin irritation of temporary loss of vision. 5.5 Comparison of Two Different Tests As two different concentrations were employed during the experiments, the result on yield and conversion rate will be different. 5.5.1 Comparison of the Yield of Two Different Tests Upon completion of experiments, the differences in yield were realised. The yield of 0.01M ethyl acetate was 0.156 and the yield of 0.02M ethyl acetate is 0.085. Theoretically, due to the increment in concentration, the yield of 0.02M of ethyl acetate should be higher as, since more reactants is used; it will rightfully result in more products being formed. However, as mention above, there might be chances of the reactants or apparatus used being contaminated, which result in the huge differences between the yields. 5.5.2 Comparison of the Conversion Rate The conversion rate of 0.01M of ethyl acetate was 84.4% and the conversion rate of 0.02M of ethyl acetate was 91.5%. The result shown was excellent, as high conversion rate will mean that, majority of the reactant was fully utilized, hence saving cost. 6. Conclusion Based on experiment, I can construe that the higher the concentration of ethyl acetate, it will result to a much faster rate of reaction, and a higher rate of conversion. The conductivity value is interred related and proportioned to the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, since observation and hypothesis are similar, the hypothesis is true. The aim of the experiment are also fulfilled, as scrutiny of the experiment have verify that, while the concentration of ethyl acetate got higher, the rate of reaction and rate of conversion increases. In addition, adding of catalyst or increasing surrounding temperature could also result in a faster rate of reaction which tantamount to an increment in rate of conversion.

Business Proposal :: essays research papers

General company description â€Å"It’s a dog thing!† it’s a company that will provide dogs clothing and accessories using the Internet as a selling distribution. Mission statement: â€Å"It’s a dog thing!† aim to retail and distribute unique customize dog apparel at affordable prices. â€Å"It’s a dog thing!† always has that perfect gift for your own or someone else’s four legged friends. Don’t let your dog be wagged behind. Company goals and objectives: Our goals are to grow in this niche market thus aim to attain a high market share, doing so, will help the company achieve the main goal which is to be a market leader in this field. Our objective is to obtain our annual sales targets and to increase the company’s profit margins; this will help us achieve our goal. Another important objective is to meet customers specific needs in order to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Business philosophy: In this business what’s important is to stay positive and to liaise together as a team in order to solve any problems that may occur and to make important business decisions. Target market: The target market would be dog owners of all ages. The products will be set at affordable prices for customers that are seeking the lifestyle of the upper class person. 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An increase of 36% since 1995 but in 2003 the market size is over  £400 million. Business Proposal :: essays research papers General company description â€Å"It’s a dog thing!† it’s a company that will provide dogs clothing and accessories using the Internet as a selling distribution. Mission statement: â€Å"It’s a dog thing!† aim to retail and distribute unique customize dog apparel at affordable prices. â€Å"It’s a dog thing!† always has that perfect gift for your own or someone else’s four legged friends. Don’t let your dog be wagged behind. Company goals and objectives: Our goals are to grow in this niche market thus aim to attain a high market share, doing so, will help the company achieve the main goal which is to be a market leader in this field. Our objective is to obtain our annual sales targets and to increase the company’s profit margins; this will help us achieve our goal. Another important objective is to meet customers specific needs in order to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Business philosophy: In this business what’s important is to stay positive and to liaise together as a team in order to solve any problems that may occur and to make important business decisions. Target market: The target market would be dog owners of all ages. The products will be set at affordable prices for customers that are seeking the lifestyle of the upper class person. (to be continued†¦ this time next week) Products and services Products & Services  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wholesale Cost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Selling Price   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   T-Shirts (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £8.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £14.99 Vest Tops (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £8.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £14.99 Polo Shirts (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £13.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £22.99 Hooded Tops (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £11.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £21.33   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Name Tags (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £1.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £5.99 Crystal Band Collars (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £15.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £25.99 Sparkling Collars (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £19.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £10.99 Leads (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £9.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £29.99   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boots (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £14.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £30.00 Bags (Various Colours & Sizes)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £9.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £17.99   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Necklace (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £14.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £24.99 Silver Necklace (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £54.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £75.00 Hair Accessories (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £0.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £3.00 Tiara  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £7.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £14.99 Banadana (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £2.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £12.00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All-In-One Bathrobe (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £15.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £24.99 Bathrobe (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £17.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £26.99   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shampoo & Conditioner  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £4.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £9.99 Perfume  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £3.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £7.50 Dental Kit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £3.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £9.99   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beds (Various)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £20.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £55.00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Customisation (Various Design)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From  £5.99 Engraving  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £2 Per Letter Marketing plan Market Overview: Market size The UK market for pet accessories was  £296 million in 1999. An increase of 36% since 1995 but in 2003 the market size is over  £400 million.

Polk Jefferson Expansion Essay

There have only been a few presidents that have expanded on the size of America. None have done it like Jefferson and Polk. Though they had different views on the world they had many of the same policies of expansion. Both technically bought the land. At the times both of their practice's were considered shady. Jefferson and Polk both also were afraid of foreign powers swooping down and taking the land. When you are a president it is always good to appear fair and diplomatic. This is why the presidents wanted to buy the land. Thomas Jefferson bought his land from France in the famous Louisiana purchase. It was a bargain brought on the table by France for many differing reasons. Polk on the other hand fought Mexico in a war. Then once he owned the land gave them only a portion of what it was worth. He had leverage over the Mexicans because he had crushed their armies in the Mexican war. Its hard to escape the presidency without some scandal. Polk and Jefferson both could not accomplish this. Jefferson bought the Louisiana purchase from France. Even though he believes and, at the time it was widely believe he shouldn’t have that power. Polk’s on the other hand was more substantial. He sent troops into either America, Mexico or, the disputed territory and they were ambushed prompting the war. If the troops were in the disputed territory then they might declare war. If they were in Mexico what Polk did was illegal. IF the troops were in Texas then it is all out war. Polk never clarified where the troop were to we may never know. During Jefferson’s and Polk’s presidencies America wasn’t really a world power. So when America got the chance to take land they took it quickly. Jefferson when offered the Louisiana purchase acted quickly so the French might not change their minds or some other country would take the weakly guarded land. Polk also was afraid that the Russians or the British might swoop down and take California. Something Polk couldn’t afford. Both Jefferson and Polk are regarded as fantastic presidents in today’s light. Both had to make the expansion legal by buying the land. Both had their fair share of scandal and, both had to beat out other nations for the prize. This just goes to show according to history expansionism is usually a good thing.

Leadership & Managing People

As we all know, different types of business play a vital role in the progress or advancement of certain companies especially in this modern era where competition is really tight and business tycoons are rampant. According to Britannica Online1, business organization is an entity formed for the purpose of carrying on commercial enterprise; such an organization is predicated on systems of law governing contract and exchange, property rights, and incorporation.Business like these greatly aids in the improvement of the lifestyle of man. There are many types of businesses; some involving housing, food, clothing, drugs, etc. Whichever or whatever it may be, different business men or managers use different strategies in advertising a certain product in order to attract consumers and sell the product resulting to the development of the company. But before anything else, companies must have a rough picture of what the future might be and how their product can contribute to the welfare of the future in one way or another.In accordance to the article â€Å"Strategy under Uncertainty† by Hugh Courtney, Jane Kirkland and Patrick Viguerie, I agree that these strategies and the different levels of uncertainties analyzed and presented in the article are possible. And with further application of these strategies the company will certainly improve, even taking into account that no matter what status the company may be, a newbie or a booming business under the leadership of a tycoon it undergoes these different levels.I am in agreement with the topics discussed in the article because most companies do and will experience these uncertainties and apply these different strategies for further advancement and development of the company. Even big companies such as the electronic company Sony, or the clothing line of Guess and other businesses analyze the level of1 business organization. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britanni ca Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106109uncertainty they are presently in and apply the strategy needed for further progression of the company. Also, in the article, issues such future realization and analysis to where the product is needed are discussed.In the article, the four types of level of uncertainty stated are very impressive. As they convey and state what companies of different business have to face and decide upon in order to become productive as well as efficient. In the article, there are also several diagrams or figures that can help in further understanding the different levels of uncertainty being discussed in the article.According to Anne Brown2, most profitable business ventures have been started by people under 35. Based on this statement made by the above stated author, people handling different business vary in age. Which tells us that success is not only achieved through the years but through thorough understanding of the business as well as plan ning what approporiate strategies the business is needed to be assessed with.In the article â€Å"Strategy under Uncertainty†, oligopoly was stated. Oligopoly according to Britannica Online3, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market, and each producer must consider the effect of a price change on the actions of the other producers. Especially in bussiness organizations like these, different work strategies are needed for the company to survive. I also agree with the article that traditional approaches in advertising are indeed dangerous. Since there is no assurance that the product being advertised can catch the attention of the consumer. Take for example food business, commercials are not enough or flyers, the consumer must take a taste of the product in order to be persuaded to buy it.2 talented tycoons. (1999). In The Freelibrary. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from thefreelibrary.com: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Talented+tycoon s-a0547837763 oligopoly. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057021References:business organization. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106109oligopoly. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057021talented tycoons. (1999). In The Freelibrary. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from thefreelibrary.com: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Talented+tycoons-a054783776